REVIEW KERAGAMAN DAN STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS PROTISTA PADA PERAIRAN SALIN DAN HIPERSALIN BERDASARKAN FAKTOR SALINITAS DAN PH
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54314/jssr.v9i1.5777Abstract
Abstract: Saline and hypersaline waters are extreme ecosystems with high environmental stress that affect the survival of aquatic organisms, including protists as key components of the food web. This article aims to review and synthesize the influence of major environmental factors, particularly salinity and pH, on protist diversity and community structure. This study employed a narrative review method on ten selected scientific articles published between 2003 and 2025, covering studies in various habitats such as estuaries, salt ponds, saline lakes, and mangrove sediments. The review results indicate that salinity acts as a primary environmental filter; increased salinity generally correlates with a decrease in species richness but promotes the dominance of specialized halophilic taxa. Furthermore, extreme pH has been shown to limit physiological processes and protist growth. The application of modern molecular methods, such as environmental DNA (eDNA) and metabarcoding, has successfully revealed cryptic diversity of benthic and heterotrophic protists that are difficult to detect through conventional morphological methods. This study concludes that the interaction between physicochemical parameters and habitat characteristics strongly determines the dynamics and composition of protist communities in extreme aquatic environments. Keywords: Protists, Salinity, pH, Hypersaline waters, Diversity, eDNA.. Abstrak: Perairan salin dan hipersalin merupakan ekosistem ekstrem dengan tekanan lingkungan tinggi yang memengaruhi kelangsungan hidup organisme akuatik, termasuk protista sebagai komponen kunci dalam rantai makanan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk meninjau dan menyintesis pengaruh faktor lingkungan utama, khususnya salinitas dan pH, terhadap keragaman serta struktur komunitas protista. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode narrative review terhadap sepuluh artikel ilmiah terpilih yang dipublikasikan dalam rentang tahun 2003–2025, mencakup studi di berbagai habitat seperti estuari, tambak garam, danau asin, dan sedimen mangrove. Hasil review menunjukkan bahwa salinitas bertindak sebagai filter lingkungan utama; peningkatan salinitas umumnya berkorelasi dengan penurunan kekayaan spesies namun meningkatkan dominasi taksa halofilik yang terspesialisasi. Selain itu, pH ekstrem terbukti membatasi proses fisiologis dan pertumbuhan protista. Penerapan metode molekuler modern, seperti environmental DNA (eDNA) dan metabarcoding, berhasil mengungkap keragaman tersembunyi (cryptic diversity) dari kelompok protista bentik dan heterotrof yang sulit dideteksi melalui metode morfologi konvensional. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa interaksi antara parameter fisik-kimia dan karakteristik habitat sangat menentukan dinamika dan komposisi komunitas protista di lingkungan perairan ekstrem. Kata kunci: Protista, Salinitas, pH, Perairan Hipersalin, Keanekaragaman, eDNA.Downloads
References
Al Falah, M. H., Soeprobowati, T. R., Hadiyanto, H., Rahim, A., Jumari, J., Khotimperwati, L., Cahyani, N. K. D., Wojewódka-PrzybyÅ‚, M., Kruszewski, Å., & Rydelek, P. (2025). Environmental DNA reveals protist biodiversity in mangrove sediments of Java and Madura, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 26(10), 5211–5225. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d261035
Al Zamzami, I. M., Kilawati, Y., Pramudia, Z., Susanti, Y. A. D., & Kurniawan, A. (2023). Analysis of microbial abundances in biofilms and water in hypersaline environments with different NaCl levels. Journal of Experimental Life Science, 13(2), 113–125.
Cahyani, L. E., Kesaulya, I., & Haumahu, S. (2023). Pengaruh perubahan gradien suhu dan salinitas terhadap struktur komunitas fitoplankton di Perairan Teluk Ambon. Jurnal Kelautan Tropis, 26(3), 543–553. https://doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v26i3.19817
Gerasimova, E. A., Balkin, A. S., Filonchikova, E. S., Mindolina, Y. V., Zagumennyi, D. G., & Tikhonenkov, D. V. (2023). Taxonomic structure of planktonic protist communities in saline and hypersaline continental waters revealed by metabarcoding. Water, 15(5), 2008. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15052008
Gerasimova, E. A., Balkin, A. S., Kataev, V. Y., Filonchikova, E. S., Mindolina, Y. V., & Tikhonenkov, D. V. (2025). Taxonomic and functional diversity of protists in saline and hypersaline lakes in southern Western Siberia, a region strongly affected by climate change. Water Biology and Security, 4, 100316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watbs.2024.100316
Heidelberg, K. B., Nelson, W. C., Holm, J. B., Eisenkolb, N., Andrade, K., & Emerson, J. B. (2013). Characterization of eukaryotic microbial diversity in hypersaline Lake Tyrrell, Australia. Frontiers in Microbiology, 4, 115. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00115
Pedersen, M. F., & Hansen, P. J. (2003). Effects of high pH on the growth and survival of six marine heterotrophic protists. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 260, 33–41. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps260033
Pratiwi, A. A. F., Fauziyah, F., Agustriani, F., Ningsih, E. N., & Supriyadi, F. (2025). Studi komparatif komposisi fitoplankton dan zooplankton di Perairan Semenanjung Utara Banyuasin, Sumatera Selatan. Jurnal Penelitian Sains, 27(2D), 05–1–05–7. https://doi.org/10.56060/jps.v27i2D.05
Susilowati, R., Bengen, D. G., Krisanti, M., Januar, H. I., & Rusmana, I. (2023). Temporal and spatial distribution of plankton community in three Indonesian salt pond environments. Biodiversitas, 24(4), 1833–1844. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d240359
Yolanda, Y. (2023). Analisa pengaruh suhu, salinitas, dan pH terhadap kualitas air di muara Perairan Belawan. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan Lahan Basah, 11(2), 329–337.
