THE EFFECT OF AI AS AN ONLINE TUTOR AND DIGITAL LITERACY ON LEARNING COMPREHENSION A SEM APPROACH

Authors

  • Guntur Gunawan Institute Agama Islam Negeri Curup
  • Yuyun Yumiarty

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54314/myfj8005

Keywords:

AI as an Online Tutor, Digital Literacy, Learning Comprehension, SEM-PLS

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the effect of AI as an online tutor and digital literacy on students’ learning comprehension. The research employed a quantitative approach with an explanatory survey design involving 100 students from the PGMI Study Program at IAIN Curup. The research instrument was a Likert-scale questionnaire measuring three main constructs: AI as an online tutor, digital literacy, and learning comprehension. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) to test validity, reliability, and the structural relationships among variables. The results indicate that AI as an online tutor has a positive and significant effect on learning comprehension (? = 0.425; p < 0.000). Digital literacy also has a positive and significant effect on learning comprehension (? = 0.476; p < 0.000). The R-square value of 0.699 shows that 69.9% of the variance in learning comprehension can be explained by these two independent variables. Overall, this study confirms that the integration of AI-based technology, supported by students’ digital literacy skills, can enhance the quality of learning comprehension in higher education.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abbas, N., Ali, I., Manzoor, R., Hussain, T., & Hussain, M. H. A. L. i. (2023). Role of Artificial Intelligence Tools in Enhancing Students’ Educational Performance at Higher Levels. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning and Neural Network, 35, 36–49. https://doi.org/10.55529/jaimlnn.35.36.49

Adel, A. (2024). The Convergence of Intelligent Tutoring, Robotics, and IoT in Smart Education for the Transition From Industry 4.0 to 5.0. Smart Cities, 7(1), 325–369. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7010014

Almufarreh, A. (2024). Determinants of Students’ Satisfaction With AI Tools in Education: A PLS-SEM-ANN Approach. Sustainability, 16(13), 5354. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135354

Ayeni, O. O., Hamad, N. M. A., Chisom, O. N., Osawaru, B., & Adewusi, O. E. (2024). AI in Education: A Review of Personalized Learning and Educational Technology. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 18(2), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2024.18.2.0062

Barkati, M., Kiyanfar, Z., Noughabi, M. A., & Ershadi, F. (2024). Contributions of Self?efficacy, L2 Grit and Digital Literacy to Informal Digital Learning of English: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach. British Journal of Educational Technology, 56(5), 2183–2201. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13547

Bhat, R. A. (2023). Digital Literacy Development: Assessing the Efficacy of Online Learning Platforms in Enhancing Students’ Information Fluency. International Journal of Social Science Educational Economics Agriculture Research and Technology (Ijset), 2(9), 597–599. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijset.v2i9.221

B?a?ejowska, G., Gruba, ?., Indurkhya, B., & Gunia, A. (2023). A Study on the Role of Affective Feedback in Robot-Assisted Learning. Sensors, 23(3), 1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031181

Chadha, A. (2024). Transforming Higher Education for the Digital Age. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 13(S1). https://doi.org/10.32674/em2qsn46

Chew, E., & Chua, X. N. (2020). Robotic Chinese Language Tutor: Personalising Progress Assessment and Feedback or Taking Over Your Job? On the Horizon the International Journal of Learning Futures, 28(3), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1108/oth-04-2020-0015

Demir, S., & ?sak, M. (2025). Analyzing the Implementation of PLS-SEM in Educational Technology Research: A Review of the Past 10 Years. Sage Open, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251345950

Doleck, T., Bazelais, P., & Lemay, D. J. (2018). Is a General Extended Technology Acceptance Model for E-Learning Generalizable? Knowledge Management & E-Learning an International Journal, 133–147. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2018.10.009

Duc, M. L., Bilík, P., & Martínek, R. (2023). Analysis of Factors Affecting Electric Power Quality: PLS-SEM and Deep Learning Neural Network Analysis. Ieee Access, 11, 40591–40607. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3268037

Ernawati, E., Hidayat, H., Primandari, S. R. P., Ferdian, F., & Fitria, R. (2022). The Empirical Study of Factors Affecting Students’ Competence of Fashion Design Education in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 Era. International Journal of Instruction, 15(4), 259–276. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.15415a

Fernández-Herrero, J. (2024). Evaluating Recent Advances in Affective Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Scoping Review of Educational Impacts and Future Prospects. Education Sciences, 14(8), 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14080839

Gan, C. L., Bong, Y. H., Goh, G. G. G., & Liew, T. W. (2025). Supporting Student-Centred Learning With Mobile Technology: UTAUT and Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture / Apoyo Al Aprendizaje Centrado en El Alumno Mediante La Tecnología Móvil: La UTAUT Y Las Dimensiones Culturales De Hofstede. Culture and Education, 37(1), 268–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/11356405251316068

Gu, C. (2023). The Application of Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Social Robots in Autism Treatment. Applied and Computational Engineering, 19(1), 184–189. https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/19/20231030

Haerani, N. (2025). Efforts to Improve the Social-Emotional Development of Speech Delay Through Hug Therapy (Gentle Empathic Massage for the Expression of Relief). International Journal of Islamic Education Discourse, 1(2), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.59966/c0zb8070

Hora?iu Catalano, Anca Ani-Rus, Gabriela Mestic, Ana Rus, S. V. (2025). Developing Literacy Skills of Lower Primary Students Through Digital Storytelling. Educatia 21, 31, 91–101. https://doi.org/10.24193/ed21.2025.31.10

Idrus, S. A. (2020). Moderation Effect of Education to the Effect of Market Orientation and Technology Orientation on Entrepreneurship Orientation at Small-and-Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in East Java, Indonesia. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.28.4.12

Judijanto, L., Hendratri, B. G., Mokodenseho, S., Mamonto, T. P. A., & Mokoginta, A. (2024). Analysis of the Influence of Social Media Use, Educational Technology, and Digital Identity on Educational Culture Change in West Java. WSSHS, 2(03), 373–382. https://doi.org/10.58812/wsshs.v2i03.703

Kartal, G., & Ye?ilyurt, Y. E. (2024). A Bibliometric Analysis of Artificial Intelligence in L2 Teaching and Applied Linguistics Between 1995 and 2022. Recall, 36(3), 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0958344024000077

Leyzberg, D., Ramachandran, A., & Scassellati, B. (2018). The Effect of Personalization in Longer-Term Robot Tutoring. Acm Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction, 7(3), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1145/3283453

Liu, X. (2024). Research on Digital Teaching Methods of English for Reading and Writing Integration Orientation. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2024-1507

Maaz, N., Mounsef, J., & Maalouf, N. (2025). CARE: Towards Customized Assistive Robot-Based Education. Frontiers in Robotics and Ai, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2025.1474741

Mark, C., Miniano, C. M. B., & Rui, X. (2020). Kolb’s Learning Styles and Managerial Concern for People and Task: A Reflective Measurement Model. Ejbm. https://doi.org/10.7176/ejbm/12-9-02

Mohsin, F. H., Isa, N. M., Ishak, K., & Salleh, H. M. (2024). Navigating the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education. Ijbt, 14(1), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.58915/ijbt.v14i1.433

Nacaro?lu, O., K?zkapan, O., & Demir, H. (2025). Middle School Students’ Motivations and Learning Competencies in Science: Mediating Role of Digital Literacy. Psychology in the Schools, 62(5), 1475–1487. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.23400

Nasywa, A. N. (2025). Digital Literacy and Its Impact on English Learning Comprehension: Evidence From Private Higher Education Institutions in Jakarta. Journal of Language and Literature Studies, 5(3), 559–573. https://doi.org/10.36312/jolls.v5i3.3117

Nikou, S., & Aavakare, M. (2021). An Assessment of the Interplay Between Literacy and Digital Technology in Higher Education. Education and Information Technologies, 26(4), 3893–3915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10451-0

Nurjannah, N., Rijal, S., Riskawati.B, R. ., & Mustari, M. (2024). The Influence of Educational Technology, Social Interaction and Learning Style on Learning Outcomes With Learning Interest as an Intervening Variable in Class X Students in Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Makassar City. Pendidik., 2(02), 72–85. https://doi.org/10.58812/spp.v2i02.399

Puiu, S., & Udri?tioiu, M. T. (2024). The Behavioral Intention to Use Virtual Reality in Schools: A Technology Acceptance Model. Behavioral Sciences, 14(7), 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070615

Purba, N. (2024). Analyzing the Impact of Digital Information Communication Technologies (DICT) on Literacy Development in Third Grade Primary School: A Case Study on Education. Journal of Information Systems Engineering & Management, 10(4s), 345–352. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i4s.526

Shingate, S., & Nawale, S. (2025). A Complete Analysis of the Effects of AI Tutoring Tools on Student Learning Outcomes. International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management, 04(10), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ISJEM05140

Siripipatthanakul, S., Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., & Siripipattanakul, S. (2022). Predicting Intention to Use Smart Education Technology During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Higher Education Students in Thailand. International Conference on Research and Development (Icorad), 1(2), 8–22. https://doi.org/10.47841/icorad.v1i2.46

Sucandrawati, N. L. K. A. S., Suartini, N. W., Wati, I., & Apriliani, D. (2024). The Influence of Social Capital, Entrepreneurial Competence and Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Shaping Business Incubators in Indonesia. International Journal of Business Law and Education, 5(1), 852–866. https://doi.org/10.56442/ijble.v5i1.496

Suminar, L., Maulida, N., & Rachman, ?. F. (2024). Strategi Peningkatan Kualitas Literasi Digital Pada Masyarakat. Bima, 2(2), 200–209. https://doi.org/10.61132/bima.v2i2.846

Sun, F., Li, L., Sun, M., Teng, X., Payne, T. R., & Craig, P. (2025). Integrating Emotional Intelligence, Memory Architecture, and Gestures to Achieve Empathetic Humanoid Robot Interaction in an Educational Setting. Frontiers in Robotics and Ai, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2025.1635419

Susanty, L. (2024). Critical Analysis of the Research on Digital Literacy. Sinergi International Journal of Education, 2(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.61194/education.v2i1.149

Wang, J., & Fan, W. (2025). The Effectiveness of Technology?Supported Learning in Improving Students’ Digital Literacy—A Meta?Analysis of 56 Experimental and Quasi?Experimental Studies. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 41(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.70137

Yarlagadda, K. C. (2025). AI in Education: Personalized Learning and Intelligent Tutoring Systems. European Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology, 13(32), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.37745/ejcsit.2013/vol13n321527

Zhang, C., Wang, F., Kang, Z., Hong, Y., Arbing, R., Chen, W., & Huang, F. F. (2025). Effect of Symptom Burden on Demoralization in Chinese Lung Cancer Patients: The Mediating Roles of Family Function, Resilience, and Coping Behaviors. Psycho-Oncology, 34(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.70102

????????, ?., ?????, ?., Knysh, T., & Honchar, K. (2024). The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Shaping the Future of Education: Opportunities and Challenges. Futurity Education, 126–146. https://doi.org/10.57125/fed.2024.03.25.08

????, ?. ?. ?. (2023). ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????: ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ???? ??????? - ????? ??????????, 33(4), 365–384. https://doi.org/10.21608/jealex.2023.326692

Downloads

Published

2026-04-26

Issue

Section

Artikel

How to Cite

THE EFFECT OF AI AS AN ONLINE TUTOR AND DIGITAL LITERACY ON LEARNING COMPREHENSION A SEM APPROACH. (2026). JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND SOCIAL RESEARCH, 9(2), 1501-1513. https://doi.org/10.54314/myfj8005

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 > >>