STRATEGI ADVOKASI TENAGANITA TERHADAP SIME DARBY PLANTATION DI MALAYSIA TAHUN 2020–2023

Authors

  • Mumtaz Najih Fauzan Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang
  • Fadhlan Nur Hakiem Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54314/jssr.v9i3.6594

Keywords:

accountability politics, boomerang pattern, forced labour, transnational advocacy networks, withhold release order

Abstract

Abstract: This study examines how Tenaganita, a Malaysian local non-governmental organisation, deployed transnational advocacy network (TAN) strategies to compel the United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) to issue a Withhold Release Order (WRO) against Sime Darby Plantation, the world’s largest producer of certified sustainable palm oil, between 2020 and 2023. Using a qualitative descriptive design based on documentary study, the research applies Keck and Sikkink’s framework of information, symbolic, leverage, and accountability politics, together with the boomerang pattern. The findings show that the forced-labour conditions at Sime Darby satisfied all eleven indicators defined by the International Labour Organization, while domestic enforcement and voluntary RSPO certification both failed. Tenaganita gathered grassroots evidence, transferred it to the Hong Kong-based NGO Liberty Shared for translation into a regulatory petition, and amplified it through investigative journalism that reframed a technical compliance issue as a global moral controversy. The integration of the four strategies converted moral pressure into a coercive sanction, culminating in roughly RM82 million in recruitment-fee reimbursement to more than 34,000 workers before the WRO was revoked in February 2023.

Keywords: accountability politics; boomerang pattern; forced labour; transnational advocacy networks; withhold release order.

 

Abstrak: Studi ini mengkaji bagaimana Tenaganita, sebuah organisasi non-pemerintah lokal Malaysia, menerapkan strategi jaringan advokasi transnasional (TANs) untuk mendorong United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) menerbitkan Withhold Release Order (WRO) terhadap Sime Darby Plantation, produsen minyak sawit berkelanjutan bersertifikat terbesar di dunia, pada 2020–2023. Dengan pendekatan kualitatif berdesain deskriptif berbasis studi dokumentasi, penelitian ini menerapkan kerangka Keck dan Sikkink tentang politik informasi, simbolis, leverage, dan akuntabilitas, beserta pola bumerang. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa kondisi kerja paksa di Sime Darby memenuhi seluruh sebelas indikator yang ditetapkan Organisasi Buruh Internasional, sementara penegakan hukum domestik dan sertifikasi sukarela RSPO sama-sama gagal. Tenaganita mengumpulkan bukti akar rumput, mentransfernya kepada LSM berbasis Hong Kong, Liberty Shared, untuk diterjemahkan menjadi petisi regulatif, dan memperbesarnya melalui jurnalisme investigatif yang membingkai ulang persoalan kepatuhan teknis menjadi kontroversi moral global. Integrasi keempat strategi tersebut mengonversi tekanan moral menjadi sanksi koersif, yang berpuncak pada pengembalian biaya perekrutan sekitar RM82 juta kepada lebih dari 34.000 pekerja sebelum WRO dicabut pada Februari 2023.

Kata kunci: kerja paksa; politik akuntabilitas; pola bumerang; jaringan advokasi transnasional; withhold release order.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmad, A. R., Muhili, M. S. M., Ganama, M., Adi, M. N. M., & Angsor, M. a. M. (2023). Assessing forced labor and standards in Malaysian palm oil industry. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 8(6), e002363. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v8i6.2363

Amnesty International. (2021). Skandal besar minyak kelapa sawit: Pelanggaran ketenagakerjaan di belakang nama-nama merek besar. Amnesty International Ltd. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode

Anwar, L. M. (2025). Strategi Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs) dalam advokasi kebakaran hutan dan kabut asap lintas batas di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Universitas Lampung.

Brad, A., & Hein, J. (2022). Towards transnational agrarian conflicts? Global NGOs, transnational agrobusiness and local struggles for land on Sumatra. New Political Economy, 28(3), 452–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2022.2138300

Burchill, S., Paterson, M., Reus-Smit, C., Linklater, A., Devetak, R., True, J., & Donnelly, J. (2005). Theories of international relations (3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.

CBP. (2025). Withhold Release Orders and findings dashboard. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/trade/withhold-release-orders-findings-dashboard

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE.

Deli, M. M., Asha’ari, M. J., Rauf, U. a. A., Jamil, A. H., Abdullah, S. I. N. W., Harun, S. N., & Purwati, A. A. (2023). Issues of human resource in Malaysian palm oil industry. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v12-i3/18995

Edelman, M. (2001). Social movements: Changing paradigms and forms of politics. Annual Review of Anthropology, 30(1), 285–317. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.285

Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia (GAPKI). (2020, 5 Maret). Kinerja industri sawit Indonesia. https://gapki.id/kinerja-industri-sawit-indonesia/

International Labour Office. (2022). Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29). International Labour Organization.

IPO News. (2023, 18 Juli). Sime Darby Group: Have oil palm plantations in four countries. Indonesian Palm Oil News. https://indonesianpalmoilnews.com/sime-darby-group-have-oil-palm-plantations-in-four-countries/

Jegede, F. (2024). Global issues: The rise of non-state actors in the 20th and 21st century. Atlas of Today’s World. https://www.atlasoftodaysworld.org/articles-global-issues/the-rise-of-non-state-actors-in-the-20th-and-21st-century

Keck, M. E., & Sikkink, K. (1998). Activists beyond borders: Advocacy networks in international politics. Cornell University Press.

Lumempouw, G. J. (2024). Sustainability in global trade: Integrating principles for inclusive and resilient systems. Asian Journal of Logistics Management, 3(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.14710/ajlm.2024.22794

Nissen, A. (2022). Import bans on products from forced labor in the Trump era. University of Bologna Law Review, 6, 367–382. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2531-6133/14495

Saturi, S., & Saturi, S. (2021, 22 Oktober). Jejak sawit gelap di pasar global. Mongabay.co.id. https://mongabay.co.id/2021/10/20/jejak-sawit-gelap-di-pasar-global/

Scholte, J. A. (2004). Global civil society: Changing the world? (CSGR Working Paper No. 31/99). https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2094/1/WRAP_Scholte_wp3199.pdf

Setiawan, K., Gunawan, S., Setyawan, H., & Hartono. (2022). 1998–2018: Analysis of Indonesian and Malaysian people’s palm oil plantations. Tropical Plantation Journal, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.22013/tpj.v1I1.2

Somiah, V., Hashim, H., Annuar, A. M. K., & Hanip, F. I. (2025). Everyday precarities and systemic exploitations: Indonesian migrant workers in Sarawak’s palm oil industry. International Journal of Business and Society, 26(2), 407–424. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.8457.2025

Tenaganita. (2022, 5 Maret). Bigger concerns for palm oil. Tenaganita. https://tenaganita.net/bigger-concerns-for-palm-oil/

Theys, S. (2017, 29 Desember). International relations theory. E-International Relations. http://www.e-ir.info/2017/11/30/beginners-textbook-international-relations-theory/

USDA. (2023). Indonesia palm oil: Historical revisions using satellite-derived methodology. United States Department of Agriculture. https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2023/11/Indonesia/index.pdf

Walhi. (2024, 8 November). Surat publik dari lebih dari 30 organisasi menyoroti pelanggaran lingkungan hidup, hak asasi manusia, dan tata kelola yang dilakukan AAL dan menuntut RSPO karena melakukan tindakan greenwashing pada perusahaan kelapa sawit yang berkonflik. WALHI. https://www.walhi.or.id/

Wicaksana, I. G. W. (2016). Teori hubungan internasional (V. Dugis, Ed.). Cakra Studi Global Strategis (CSGS).

Wong, A. (2025, 19 April). The hidden workforce: Exploiting undocumented migrants in Malaysian plantations. Synergy: The Journal of Contemporary Asian Studies. https://utsynergyjournal.org/2025/04/19/the-hidden-workforce-exploiting-undocumented-migrants-in-malaysian-plantations/

WWF. (2024). WWF-Indonesia encourages the use of sustainable palm oil products in family life. https://www.wwf.id/en/blog/wwf-indonesia-encourages-use-sustainable-palm-oil-products-family-life

Downloads

Published

2026-06-30

Issue

Section

Artikel

How to Cite

STRATEGI ADVOKASI TENAGANITA TERHADAP SIME DARBY PLANTATION DI MALAYSIA TAHUN 2020–2023. (2026). JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND SOCIAL RESEARCH, 9(3), 4534-4543. https://doi.org/10.54314/jssr.v9i3.6594